College Physics ›› 2018, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (11): 4-5.doi: 10.16854 /j.cnki.1000-0712.180209

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Hellmann-Feynman theorem based on ensemble average

CHEN Li-hua1,FAN Hong-yi 2   

  1. 1. College of Mechanic and Electronic Engineering,Wuyi University,Wuyishan,Fujian 354300,China; 2. Department of Material Science and Engineering,University of Science and Technology of China,Hefei,Anhui 230026,China
  • Received:2018-03-31 Revised:2018-05-24 Online:2018-11-20 Published:2018-11-20

Abstract: The paper discusses how to extend the Hellmann-Feynman (H-F) theorem,which is just suitable for the pure state average,to the case of mixed state as ensemble average. Some applications of the generalized H-F theorem are presented.

Key words: ensemble average, generalized Hellmann-Feynman theorem